Add article on DNS challenge

config.toml

@@ -90,11 +90,11 @@ logoText = "Hello there!"
 logoHomeLink = "/fr/"
 
 [menu]
-# [[menu.main]]
-#   identifier = "blog"
-#   name = "Blog"
-#   url = "/posts"
-#   weight = 1
+[[menu.main]]
+  identifier = "blog"
+  name = "Blog"
+  url = "/posts"
+  weight = 1
 
 [[menu.main]]
 identifier = "about_me"

content/en/posts/dns-challenge.md

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+---
+title: "How to do HTTPS at home (when your infrastructure is private)"
+date: 2024-07-02T21:00:50+02:00
+draft: true
+toc: true
+images:
+tags:
+  - self-hosting
+  - sysadmin
+---
+
+## The problem of having a self-hosted infrastructure
+
+I've been maintaining a personal homelab and self-hosted infrastructure for a few years
+now, but one of the most infuriating pages when starting such project is this dreaded
+**Warning: Potential Security Risk Ahead** page that appears when you're using a
+self-hosted certificate, or when trying to use a password on a website or app that is
+served through plain HTTP.
+
+![A screenshot of a warning from Firefox indicating that the website that is being accessed is not secure.](/images/dns_article_firefox_warning.png)
+
+While acceptable if you're alone on your own infrastructure or dev environment, this
+poses several issues if many other contexts:
+
+- It is not acceptable to publicly expose a website presenting this issue
+- It's not advisable to say "hey look, I know that your browser gives you a big red
+warning, but it's okay, you can just accept" to friends/family/etc. It's just a very
+bad habit to have
+- After a while, it really starts to get on your nerve
+
+Thankfully a free solution for that, which you will probably know already, has existed
+for almost ten (10) years now: [Let's Encrypt and the ACME protocol](https://letsencrypt.org/)
+
+{{< callout type="note" >}}
+I promise this is not yet another Let's Encrypt tutorial, well it is, but for a more
+specific use-case
+{{< /callout >}}
+
+## The Let's Encrypt solution
+
+### What is Let's Encrypt
+
+[Let's Encrypt](https://letsencrypt.org/) is a nonprofit certificate authority founded
+in November 2014. Its main goal was to provide an easy and free way to obtain a TLS
+certificate in order to make it easy to use HTTPS everywhere.
+
+The [ACME protocol](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/client-options/) developed by Let's
+Encrypt is an automated verification system aiming at doing the following:
+
+- verifying that you own the domain for which you want a certificate
+- creating and registering that certificate
+- delivering the certificate to you
+
+Most client implementation also have an automated renewal system, further reducing the
+workload for sysadmins.
+
+The current specification for the ACME protocol proposes two (2) types of challenges
+to prove ownership and control over a domain: [HTTP-01](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/challenge-types/#http-01-challenge) and [DNS-01](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/challenge-types/#dns-01-challenge) challenge.
+
+{{< callout type="note" >}}
+Actually there are two (2) others: [TLS-SNI-01](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/challenge-types/#tls-sni-01) which is now disabled, and [TLS-ALPN-01](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/challenge-types/#tls-alpn-01) which is only aimed at a very
+specific category of users, which we will ignore here.
+{{< /callout >}}
+
+### The common solution: HTTP challenge
+
+The [HTTP-01](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/challenge-types/#http-01-challenge) challenge
+is the most common type of ACME challenge, and will satisfy most use-cases.
+
+![A schema describing the HTTP challenge workflow for the ACME protocol and the interactions between the application server, Let's Encrypt, and the DNS server, all of them public.](/images/dns_article_http_challenge.svg)
+
+For this challenge, you need the following elements :
+
+- A domain name and a record for that domain in a public DNS server (it can be a self-hosted DNS server, your providers', etc)
+- Access to a server with a public IP that can be publicly reached
+
+When performing this type of challenge, the following happens (in a very simplified way):
+
+1. Your ACME client will ask to start a challenge to the Let's Encrypt API
+2. In return, it will get a token
+3. It will then either start a standalone server, or edit the configuration for your
+current web server (nginx, apache, etc) to serve a file containing the token and a fingerprint of your account key.
+4. Let's Encrypt will try to resolve your domain `test.example.com`.
+5. If resolution works, then it will check the url `http://test.example.com/.well-known/acme-challenge/<TOKEN>`, and verify that the file from step 3 is served with the correct
+content.
+
+If everything works as expected, then the ACME client can download the certificate and key, and you can configure your reverse proxy or server to use this valid certificate,
+all is well.
+
+{{< callout type="help" >}}
+Okay, but my app contains my accounts, or my proxmox management interface, and I
+don't really want to make it public, so how does it work here?
+{{< /callout >}}
+
+Well it doesn't. For this type of challenge to work, the application server **must** be
+public. For this challenge you need to prove that you have control over the application
+that uses the target domain (even if you don't control the domain itself). But the
+DNS-01 challenge bypasses this limitation.
+
+### When it's not enough: the DNS challenge
+
+As we saw in the previous section, sometimes, for various reasons, your application
+server is in a private zone. It must be only reachable from inside a private network,
+but you still want to be able to use a free Let's Encrypt certificate.
+
+For this purpose, the [DNS-01](https://letsencrypt.org/docs/challenge-types/#dns-01-challenge) challenge is based on proving that you have control over the **DNS
+server** itself, instead of the application server.
+
+![A schema describing the DNS challenge workflow for the ACME protocol and the interaction between Let's Encrypt, the public DNS server and the private application server](/images/dns_article_dns_challenge_1.svg)
+
+For this type of challenge, the following elements are needed :
+
+- A public DNS server you have control over (can be a self-hosted server, or your DNS provider)
+- A ACME client (usually it would be on your application server), it doesn't need to be public
+
+Then, the challenge is done the following way :
+
+1. Your ACME client will ask to start a challenge to the Let's Encrypt API.
+2. In return, it will get a token.
+3. The client then created a `TXT` record at `_acme-challenge.test.example.com` derived from the token
+and your account key.
+4. Let's Encrypt will try to resolve the expected `TXT` record, and verify that the content is correct.
+
+If the verification succeeds, you can download your certificate and key, just like the other
+type of challenge.
+
+It's important to note that **at no point in time did Let's Encrypt have access to the
+application server itself**, because this challenges involves proving that you control
+the domain, not that you control the destination of that domain.
+
+As someone trying to use a valid certificate for my proxmox interface, this is the way I
+would want to go, because it would allow me to have a valid certificate, despite my server
+not being public at all. So let's see how it works in practice.
+
+## DNS challenge in practice
+
+For this example, I will try to obtain a certificate for my own domain
+`example.internal.faercol.me`.As this name hints, it is an internal domain and should not
+be publicly reachable, so this means I'm going to use a DNS challenge. I don't really want
+to use my DNS provider API for this, so I'm going to use a self-hosted [bind](https://www.isc.org/bind/)
+server for that.
+
+### Configuring the DNS server
+
+### Enabling remote DNS zone modification
+
+### Performing the challenge
+
+## Bonus: completely hiding your private domains from outside
+
+![A schema describing the DNS challenge workflow for the ACME protocol using a public and private DNS servers](/images/dns_article_dns_challenge_2.svg)
+
+![alt text](image.png)